A history of resilience to preserve and save their own culture, land, and people from Colonization that lives on to the present day. Policies to restore Hawaiian traditions that were banned in the early 19th century implemented by many monarchs that came after especially toward the end of the 19th century and until the last Monarch of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani. Since the forced annexation of Hawaii to the United States, there have been endless efforts to restore traditions and sovereignty for the Hawaiian people over their own land and culture.
구전 전통과 스토리텔링
문자가 생기기 전에는 사람들이 정보, 전통, 지식을 젊은 세대에게 전달하는 방법이 스토리텔링이었어요. 하와이 스토리텔링은 말로만 하는 것이 아니라 멜레(노래), 올리(성가), 훌라(춤)를 모두 아우르는 것이 특징입니다.
멜레(노래)와 올리(성가)는 스토리텔링에 필수적인 음악적 형식입니다. 멜레는 악기가 있는 것과 없는 것 등 다양한 유형이 있으며, 노래는 이야기를 전달하고 사람과 장소를 기리는 데 사용됩니다. 훌라는 단순한 춤이 아니라 역사, 족보, 조상들의 지식을 보다 생생하게 이해할 수 있게 해주는 강력한 스토리텔링의 한 형태입니다.
In the Hawaiian language, Moolelo means story. The word is made up of two parts, moo meaning succession and olelo meaning language or the spoken word. Olelo is central to Hawaiian storytelling, with an emphasis on accurate transmission of narratives. Thus, story is the “succession of language”, as stories in Hawaiian culture encompasses history, legend, and tradition, highlighting the role of storytelling in preserving the past.
Storytelling in Hawaii culture branches out to include daily events, this refers to “talk story” in which informal conversations about stories, opinions, and history are shared, fostering connection and community.
If there are words for stories and for different forms of storytelling, the Hawaiian language also has a word for receiving knowledge and information. “Apo” refers to the ability to receive, memorize, and recite spoken words, emphasizing the importance of accurate transmission in the Hawaiian oral tradition.
The role of storytelling has been a major way for Hawaii people to preserve and pass on their culture to the next generation. Traditionally, storytellers were highly respected members of society; especially those knowledgeable in history and genealogy. Stories in Hawaii culture have always been beyond entertainment, they teach the younger generation about behavior, values, and traditions.
문화적 관행
스토리텔링과 마찬가지로 하와이 문화에는 다양한 형태로 나타나는 많은 관습이 있으며, 각 관습은 원주민과 땅, 공동체 간의 정신적 유대감을 강화합니다.
훌라와 멜레와 같은 전통 예술은 스토리텔링을 통해 하와이 사람들이 자신의 뿌리와 연결되는 문화적 관습입니다. 훌라 공연과 공연과 함께 부르는 노래인 멜레는 과거에는 의식이었지만, 오늘날에는 하와이 사람들을 하나로 모으는 예술의 한 형태로서 행해지고 있습니다.
체력과 정신력을 단련하는 전통 스포츠와 게임: 마카히키 게임은 추수, 평화, 축제의 시기인 고대 하와이 마카히키 시즌의 중심적인 부분이었어요. 힘, 기술, 전략이 필요한 스포츠가 포함된 이 게임은 단순한 오락이 아니라 전사를 위한 훈련과 준비, 그리고 농업, 다산, 평화의 신인 로노 신을 기리기 위한 수단으로 사용되었습니다.
Beyond activities, Hawaiians embrace the concept of ohana to foster a sense of belonging and shared responsibility. Ohana is the idea of family to the wider community, on the surface level, this is achieved with respectful greetings and learning from elders (kupuna).
자연과 천연 자원 존중
The deep connection with their land and traditional practices to preserve this connection is another way of Hawaii’ people’s resilience against colonization.
Traditional practices that tighten the connection of the Hawaiian people to their land such as loi kalo (taro farming), fishing, and canoe building. These traditions are often done communally to teach malama aina (stewardship of the land) and the physical strength of unity.
In Hawaiian cosmology, rocks (pohaku) and sand (one) are considered sacred and are not meant to be removed by humans; especially not to be kept for souvenirs. Because the land is considered a living ancestor, born from the gods Wakea (Sky Father) and Papahanaumoku (Earth Mother), rocks and sand are seen as part of the family of creation.
Rather than sacrificing everything for wealth, historically, Hawaii people followed a strict code of conduct that promoted respect, balance, and sustainability in their relationship with nature. The Kapu system, even though is no longer a law, the concept remains widely respected.
교육 및 언어 활성화
Even though their language was once banned to be spoken by natives in public and at home, in the past 50 years, there has been tremendous effort from Hawaiian people to revitalize and educate their language, Olelo Hawaii, to younger generations. Through a variety of strategies, older generations of Hawaiian have been able to help the next generation recognize the deep connection of language to cultural identity and heritage.
가정과 커뮤니티에서 언어 사용 장려하기:
One of the most vital ways to revitalize Olelo Hawaii is to encourage every household to use the language at home, and with other people in the community. Parents and grandparents are encouraged to speak Hawaiian at home and pass it down to their children and grandchildren. People within the community established programs to provide classes for children and adults to learn Olelo Hawaii, creating a supportive environment for learning and using their native language outside of schools and the workplace. Especially with immersion schools, which are conducted in Olelo Hawaii, allowing children to learn the language naturally and comprehensively.
Besides classes and programs, Hawaiian language festivals and cultural workshops are organized to provide opportunities for Hawaiians to practice speaking Olelo Hawaii in person and with real life topics.
적응과 혁신
Historically, hula and luau are only performed for spiritual purposes. Today, to preserve their tradition, hula is a form of art that is spread to other parts of the world and it is practiced by people around the globe. Especially in Japan, hula is widely practiced and respected.
자주 묻는 질문
How do Hawaiians help protect and promote the learning of Olelo Hawaii through legal support and policies?
In 1978, The Hawaiian language, also known as Olelo Hawaii, was recognized as an official language of the state of Hawaii after being banned in schools in 1893. This was a result of amendments made to the state’s constitution during the 1978 State Constitutional Convention. Since then, Hawaiian people and the state government have put many efforts into establishing language schools, programs and even incorporating Olelo Hawaii in official documents. With the rise of technology, Hawaiian language is being used increasingly in radio, television, apps, and websites, making the language more accessible and visible to younger generations.
What is the concept of Ohana in Hawaiian culture?
In Hawaiian culture, ohana is more than just the word for “family.” Ohana is a deeply rooted concept that shapes the way people relate to one another, to their land (aina), and to their heritage. Ohana (pronounced oh-HAH-nah) comes from the word oha, meaning the shoot of a taro plant (kalo). In Hawaiian belief, humans are genealogically tied to kalo, which is seen as an elder sibling. Just as the shoots grow and support each other, so do families. Therefore, ohana is the symbol of the interconnection among people, growth, and responsibility.
하와이 사람들은 거의 사라질 뻔한 자신들의 문화를 어떻게 되살렸을까요?
After decades of cultural suppression, the Hawaiian people revitalized their culture by reclaiming their traditions and securing legal support to protect them. Language revitalization, reclaiming and promoting traditional practices, and land stewardship are some of the many ways for Hawaiians to reconnect with their heritage. Countless efforts have been made through laws and policies to protect the use of Olelo Hawaii and many more traditions that were banned in the 19th to the first half of the 20th century.
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